On December 6, 1832, Charles Darwin—then just one year into his famous five-year stint as a naturalist aboard the HMS Beagle—scrambled up a rocky embankment on the coast of Chile’s Chiloé Island and discovered that he had company. There, gazing out with great curiosity at the ship that was anchored offshore, sat a small, gray fox. Darwin had heard that there were foxes living on Chiloé—and that they seemed to be different from their relatives on the mainland—but this was the first one he’d seen. So, like he would do many times during the course of the expedition, he collected the animal, creating a scientific record that could be used both to confirm its status as a distinct species and to better understand the process of evolution. In 1837, William Charles Linnaeus Martin (a colleague of Darwin’s at the Zoological Society of London) officially described the new species, which is now commonly known as Darwin’s fox, naming it Lycalopex fulvipes.

While 185 years have passed since Darwin first encountered this charismatic fox, we still know very little about it, partly because it’s so rare. Over the past 15 years, scientists have discovered that the species—which is endemic to Chile (meaning it exists nowhere else in the world)—isn’t confined to Chiloé as Darwin once assumed. The animals are now known to inhabit several forested regions on the mainland as well, including Nahuelbuta National Park. Despite these recent discoveries, scientists still estimate the total population of Darwin’s foxes to number fewer than 1,000 individuals, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifies the species as Endangered. The foxes face a host of threats, including habitat loss and the potential construction of a bridge connecting Chiloé to the mainland, but domestic dogs pose the greatest challenges to their survival. Off-leash dogs sometimes kill the smaller foxes, so the foxes tend to avoid any old-growth forests that are frequently visited by dogs. Additionally, Darwin’s foxes are susceptible to contracting canine distemper virus (CDV), which is commonly carried by Chilean dogs. Several campaigns are now underway to encourage responsible dog ownership and limit the entrance of dogs to protected areas that are known to house populations of the foxes.

For photographer Kevin Schafer, the most difficult part of capturing this portrait was finding a fox to document in the first place. After consulting with Jaime Jiménez, a Chilean scientist at Universidad de Los Lagos, who arguably knows more about Darwin’s foxes than anyone else on the planet, he finally tracked down his subject on the edge of a dense forest on Chiloé Island. The fox allowed him to take just a few frames before darting into the impenetrable understory, living up to its reputation as one of the most elusive carnivores on Earth.